CCNA study notes on Internetwork IP addressing and subnetting

Internetwork IP addressing and Subnetting:

1. IP addresses are written using decimal numbers separated by decimal points. This is called dotted decimal notation of expressing IP addresses.

The different classes of IP addresses are as below:

Class Format Leading Bit pattern Network address Range Maximum networks Maximum hosts/ nodes
A N.H.H.H 0 0-126 127 16,777,214
B N.N.H.H 10 128-191 16,384 65,534
C N.N.N.H 110 192 -223 2,097,152 254

2. The range of numbers from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 is used for multicast packets. This is known as Class D address range.

3. Subnetting is nothing but creating networks within a network. Subnetting allows an organization with a single IP address (Class A /Class B /Class C) to have multiple subnetworks, thus allowing several physical networks within the organization.

4. How to maximize the number of subnets for a given number of hosts:

Let us take a network ID of 168.8.0.0, and find the maximum number of possible subnets and the corresponding subnet mask that can accommodate at least 500 hosts. The steps involved are outlined below:

5. How to maximize the number of hosts for a given number of subnets:

Determining the subnet mask that allows maximum number of hosts:

Let us consider an IP address 196.202.56.0 with four subnets and maximize the number of host for the given subnets. The steps involved are as below:

6. 127.0.0.1 is the local loop back address.

7. In an internetwork, the number of distinct IPs' required are

For example, your network has 2 servers, 26 clients machines, and 2 router interfaces the total number of IP addresses required are 30.

8. Finding the number of Hosts and subnets available for a given subnet mask: For example, let us find the number of hosts and subnets available for an IP 156.233.42.56 with a subnet mask of 7 bits.

Some times, the subnet mask is specified with the bits available in the default subnet mask. In this case the bits available in default subnet mask is 16. Therefore, total number of bits available in the subnet mask are 16+7=23. If you are given a subnet mask of 23 bits long for a class B address, it is understood that it contains the bits from the default subnet mask as well. Hence, 126 subnets and 510 hosts are available.

9. The directed broadcast should reach all Hosts on the intended network (or subnet, if sub netted). For example, the directed broadcast address for an IP network 196.233.24.15 with default subnet mask is 196.233.24.255. This is arrived by putting all 1s for the host potion of the IP address.

10. To find valid hosts given an IP address (say 156.16.3.52) and a subnet mask (sat a 12-bit subnet). The valid hosts are determined as below:

A 12-bit subnet mask gives us 255.255.255.240; 4094 subnets, each with 14 hosts. (Host addresses of all zeros and all 1s can't be assigned). The 156.16.3.52 is in the 48 subnet range. The valid range is through 49 - 62. 63 is a broadcast address.

Here is how you get the subnet range:

1. Find the subnet mask. In this case, default subnet mask for Class B address is 255.255.0.0. There are additional; 12 bits in the subnet mask. Now the subnet mask looks like:

11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000. This is equal to 255.255.255.240.0.2. Now, deduct the lowest value octet (Which is non zero), from 256. Here, (256-240) =16.

This is the value that the subnets are incremented. Therefore, you will have hosts with values from:

156.16.3.1 to 156.16.3.14 (All 0s and all 1s host addresses can not be used)

156.16.3.17 to 156.16.3.30

156.16.3.33 to 156.16.3.46

156.16.3.49 to 156.16.3.62 and so on.

It is important to know that subnets are incrementing here by a factor of 16.

11. VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking) allows efficient use of IP addresses. Networks implemented with VLSM can be summarized more efficiently due to manual control. With a distance vector protocol such as RIP or IGRP, only one subnet mask value can be used on a network, as subnet mask values are not sent in routing updates.

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